![Mustafa Mina Nabi with photos of his son and other Kurdish-Iraqi migrants who drowned in the English Channel in 2021; Ranya (Iraqi Kurdistan); November 2022.](https://imagenes.elpais.com/resizer/v2/E4XCG6DO4FDXXHGEZTBCUFBG2E.jpg?auth=f245c9b43770316fc091b367d4dd3a9b36382aca2f2ba81e76201f27c302ca70&width=414&height=233&smart=true)
The underground bankers of the people smuggling business
The traditional ‘hawala’ money transfer system provides financial services to human traffickers and migrants on dangerous journeys to the EU and the UK
The traditional ‘hawala’ money transfer system provides financial services to human traffickers and migrants on dangerous journeys to the EU and the UK