Photo essay: Bolivia’s Mennonite community

The fires that ravaged Bolivia’s Santa Cruz province drew the attention of Italian photographer Fabiomassimo Antenozio. There, he discovered the Mennonites, who have been established in the area since the mid-20th century. Three years later he returned to deepen his knowledge of their reality, which is shaped by the land, the Bible and pesticides

Benjamin Dick's daughter walks inside her father's workshop, which is located in the Riva Palacios Mennonite community in the department of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.Fabiomassimo Antenozio

Fabiomassimo Antenozio

Mar 17, 2024 - 18:06CET

In 2020, the fires in Bolivia — which are suspected of having been set to expand the agricultural frontier into forested areas — prompted me to go on a trip to Chiquitania, the most affected region and the last tropical dry forest in Latin America. This first three-month-long experience of touring these places allowed me to have contact with the Mennonite community, which has been settled in the area since the 1950s. Mennonites are an Anabaptist society centered on agriculture. Here, they are dedicated to the extensive production of soybeans and transgenic corn and raising cattle. They reject modernity, violence and laziness. Conservative and traditionalist, they speak Plautdietsch (also known as Mennonite Low German); only a few can speak proper Spanish. Women face particularly difficult conditions, as they are always forced into subordinate roles.

Back in Italy, I realized that some pieces to complete my report were still missing. So, I returned to Bolivia in January 2023. I travel aboard a 1993 Hyundai Galloper through cities, markets, communities, soybean and corn fields, extensive cattle breeding, forests and desolate lands. I immerse myself in tropical nature, in the light of the 10-minute period before sunset, in the aroma of plants, fruits, rain, 1980s car diesel, sweat and pesticides. In the sounds of nocturnal animals, of mechanical devices, of restless horns, of biblical chants in an unknown language. In screams drowned out by the fear of God.

Henrique Loewen's daughter looks out the door of her house in San Miguel Gruenwald — a community of 23 farming and ranching families without running water, plumbing and electricity — intrigued by the photographer’s presence. Fabiomassimo Antenozio

From the Santa Cruz market, where stalls sell pesticides and farm products among signs and writings in Plautdietsch and references to sacred texts, I set out for the countryside to reconnect with this Anabaptist community. Upon my arrival, I discover that one of them, Isaac Peter, whom I met in 2020, has undergone surgery for a melanoma in his mouth. Three years later, the tumor has reappeared and spread, paralyzing the left side of his body. I find him lying in bed; his voice weak. He is surrounded by his wife, his daughter and some neighbors; they explain to me that he did not want to return to Brazil, where medical care is free, even for adults. He did not want to leave the countryside or his family.

I continue my journey to the Oncology Hospital in Santa Cruz, where I meet two people who will have a profound impact on me: Eva, a seven-year-old Mennonite girl with ovarian cancer, and her mother, Catarina, who weeks later falls ill and then dies less than two hours later, supposedly a victim of dengue fever.

Frans, Eva, Eva’s mother Catarina and Eva’s little sister Anna head down Harderman road to the Instituto Oncológico del Oriente Boliviano [Oncology Institute of Eastern Bolivia] for a check-up after Eva's second chemotherapy session. Fabiomassimo Antenozio

I left without knowing if there is a direct relationship between the pesticides used on crops and the cancer rate in the Mennonite community.

I continued on my way to the town of Concepción. I wanted to meet the other Mennonites I met on my first visit. They live in the one community that only uses horses as motive power. The settlement has a unique charm and the people who live there are different from other Mennonites, purer, less interested in material possessions and more focused on spirituality. Here, trees of Amazonian origin coexist with palm trees and cacti.

I leave the colony; an image follows me. A school located in a church, where I meet boys dressed in overalls and shirts, girls in blue or green dresses and a black headscarf. They all go barefoot because, in their culture, it is important to be in contact with the earth. Two teachers are with them: a man who reads aloud from the Bible, the only text from which they study and learn; near the front door, his wife is teaching some girls addition and subtraction. Here only reading, writing and counting are taught. There’s no drawing, no coloring, no painting. They don’t know what that is.